M.D., University of Aachen, Germany, 1979.

Residency/Fellowship: Institute for Immunology and Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (postdoctoral fellow), 1980-1981; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, German (resident, medicine), 1981-1984; Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif. (fellow, rheumatology), 1984-1986; University of Heidelberg, Germany (senior fellow, medicine), 1986-1988.

Certified by the German Board of Internal Medicine in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.

University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, consultant, Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, 1988-1989; director, Rheumatology Training Program, 1989; Mayo Clinic, 1989; senior associate consultant, Division of Rheumatology, 1989-1992; consultant, 1992-2003; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 1990-1993; Associate Professor, 1993-1998; Professor, 1998-2003; Assistant Professor of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 1991-1993; Associate Professor, 1993-1999; Professor, 1999-2003; director, Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapeutics Program, Department of Medicine, 2001-2003; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga., director, Kathleen B. and Mason I. Lowance Center for Human Immunology, and Mason I. Lowance, M.D., Professor of Medicine, 2004-2009; director, Division of Rheumatology, 2007-2009; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif., staff physician, 2009-2021; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif., Professor of Medicine, 2010-2021; Stanford University, Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, 2021-present.

Appointed to the staff of Mayo Clinic, 2021; Professor of Medicine and Professor of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 2021-present; Joint appointment, Division of Rheumatology, 2024-present.